/*-
 * #%L
 * HAPI FHIR Storage api
 * %%
 * Copyright (C) 2014 - 2025 Smile CDR, Inc.
 * %%
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 * #L%
 */
package ca.uhn.fhir.jpa.patch;

import ca.uhn.fhir.context.BaseRuntimeChildDefinition;
import ca.uhn.fhir.context.BaseRuntimeElementCompositeDefinition;
import ca.uhn.fhir.context.BaseRuntimeElementDefinition;
import ca.uhn.fhir.context.FhirContext;
import ca.uhn.fhir.i18n.Msg;
import ca.uhn.fhir.parser.path.EncodeContextPath;
import ca.uhn.fhir.rest.server.exceptions.InvalidRequestException;
import ca.uhn.fhir.util.IModelVisitor2;
import ca.uhn.fhir.util.ParametersUtil;
import jakarta.annotation.Nonnull;
import jakarta.annotation.Nullable;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.Validate;
import org.hl7.fhir.instance.model.api.IBase;
import org.hl7.fhir.instance.model.api.IBaseEnumeration;
import org.hl7.fhir.instance.model.api.IBaseParameters;
import org.hl7.fhir.instance.model.api.IBaseResource;
import org.hl7.fhir.instance.model.api.IIdType;
import org.hl7.fhir.instance.model.api.IPrimitiveType;
import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.xhtml.XhtmlNode;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.Set;

import static org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils.defaultString;

public class FhirPatch {

        public static final String OPERATION_ADD = "add";
        public static final String OPERATION_DELETE = "delete";
        public static final String OPERATION_INSERT = "insert";
        public static final String OPERATION_MOVE = "move";
        public static final String OPERATION_REPLACE = "replace";
        public static final String PARAMETER_DESTINATION = "destination";
        public static final String PARAMETER_INDEX = "index";
        public static final String PARAMETER_NAME = "name";
        public static final String PARAMETER_OPERATION = "operation";
        public static final String PARAMETER_PATH = "path";
        public static final String PARAMETER_SOURCE = "source";
        public static final String PARAMETER_TYPE = "type";
        public static final String PARAMETER_VALUE = "value";

        private final FhirContext myContext;
        private boolean myIncludePreviousValueInDiff;
        private Set<EncodeContextPath> myIgnorePaths = Collections.emptySet();

        public FhirPatch(FhirContext theContext) {
                myContext = theContext;
        }

        /**
         * Adds a path element that will not be included in generated diffs. Values can take the form
         * <code>ResourceName.fieldName.fieldName</code> and wildcards are supported, such
         * as <code>*.meta</code>.
         */
        public void addIgnorePath(String theIgnorePath) {
                Validate.notBlank(theIgnorePath, "theIgnorePath must not be null or empty");

                if (myIgnorePaths.isEmpty()) {
                        myIgnorePaths = new HashSet<>();
                }
                myIgnorePaths.add(new EncodeContextPath(theIgnorePath));
        }

        public void setIncludePreviousValueInDiff(boolean theIncludePreviousValueInDiff) {
                myIncludePreviousValueInDiff = theIncludePreviousValueInDiff;
        }

        public void apply(IBaseResource theResource, IBaseResource thePatch) {

                List<IBase> opParameters = ParametersUtil.getNamedParameters(myContext, thePatch, PARAMETER_OPERATION);
                for (IBase nextOperation : opParameters) {
                        String type = ParametersUtil.getParameterPartValueAsString(myContext, nextOperation, PARAMETER_TYPE);
                        type = defaultString(type);

                        if (OPERATION_DELETE.equals(type)) {
                                handleDeleteOperation(theResource, nextOperation);
                        } else if (OPERATION_ADD.equals(type)) {
                                handleAddOperation(theResource, nextOperation);
                        } else if (OPERATION_REPLACE.equals(type)) {
                                handleReplaceOperation(theResource, nextOperation);
                        } else if (OPERATION_INSERT.equals(type)) {
                                handleInsertOperation(theResource, nextOperation);
                        } else if (OPERATION_MOVE.equals(type)) {
                                handleMoveOperation(theResource, nextOperation);
                        } else {
                                throw new InvalidRequestException(Msg.code(1267) + "Unknown patch operation type: " + type);
                        }
                }
        }

        private void handleAddOperation(IBaseResource theResource, IBase theParameters) {

                String path = ParametersUtil.getParameterPartValueAsString(myContext, theParameters, PARAMETER_PATH);
                String elementName = ParametersUtil.getParameterPartValueAsString(myContext, theParameters, PARAMETER_NAME);

                String containingPath = defaultString(path);

                List<IBase> containingElements = myContext.newFhirPath().evaluate(theResource, containingPath, IBase.class);
                for (IBase nextElement : containingElements) {
                        ChildDefinition childDefinition = findChildDefinition(nextElement, elementName);

                        IBase newValue = getNewValue(theParameters, nextElement, childDefinition);

                        childDefinition.getChildDef().getMutator().addValue(nextElement, newValue);
                }
        }

        private void handleInsertOperation(IBaseResource theResource, IBase theParameters) {

                String path = ParametersUtil.getParameterPartValueAsString(myContext, theParameters, PARAMETER_PATH);
                path = defaultString(path);

                int lastDot = path.lastIndexOf(".");
                String containingPath = path.substring(0, lastDot);
                String elementName = path.substring(lastDot + 1);
                Integer insertIndex = ParametersUtil.getParameterPartValueAsInteger(myContext, theParameters, PARAMETER_INDEX)
                                .orElseThrow(() -> new InvalidRequestException("No index supplied for insert operation"));

                List<IBase> containingElements = myContext.newFhirPath().evaluate(theResource, containingPath, IBase.class);
                for (IBase nextElement : containingElements) {

                        ChildDefinition childDefinition = findChildDefinition(nextElement, elementName);

                        IBase newValue = getNewValue(theParameters, nextElement, childDefinition);

                        List<IBase> existingValues =
                                        new ArrayList<>(childDefinition.getChildDef().getAccessor().getValues(nextElement));
                        if (insertIndex == null || insertIndex < 0 || insertIndex > existingValues.size()) {
                                String msg = myContext
                                                .getLocalizer()
                                                .getMessage(FhirPatch.class, "invalidInsertIndex", insertIndex, path, existingValues.size());
                                throw new InvalidRequestException(Msg.code(1270) + msg);
                        }
                        existingValues.add(insertIndex, newValue);

                        childDefinition.getChildDef().getMutator().setValue(nextElement, null);
                        for (IBase nextNewValue : existingValues) {
                                childDefinition.getChildDef().getMutator().addValue(nextElement, nextNewValue);
                        }
                }
        }

        private void handleDeleteOperation(IBaseResource theResource, IBase theParameters) {

                String path = ParametersUtil.getParameterPartValueAsString(myContext, theParameters, PARAMETER_PATH);
                path = defaultString(path);

                ParsedPath parsedPath = ParsedPath.parse(path);
                List<IBase> containingElements = myContext
                                .newFhirPath()
                                .evaluate(
                                                theResource,
                                                parsedPath.getEndsWithAFilterOrIndex() ? parsedPath.getContainingPath() : path,
                                                IBase.class);

                for (IBase nextElement : containingElements) {
                        if (parsedPath.getEndsWithAFilterOrIndex()) {
                                // if the path ends with a filter or index, we must be dealing with a list
                                deleteFromList(theResource, nextElement, parsedPath.getLastElementName(), path);
                        } else {
                                deleteSingleElement(nextElement);
                        }
                }
        }

        private void deleteFromList(
                        IBaseResource theResource,
                        IBase theContainingElement,
                        String theListElementName,
                        String theElementToDeletePath) {
                ChildDefinition childDefinition = findChildDefinition(theContainingElement, theListElementName);

                List<IBase> existingValues =
                                new ArrayList<>(childDefinition.getChildDef().getAccessor().getValues(theContainingElement));
                List<IBase> elementsToRemove =
                                myContext.newFhirPath().evaluate(theResource, theElementToDeletePath, IBase.class);
                existingValues.removeAll(elementsToRemove);

                childDefinition.getChildDef().getMutator().setValue(theContainingElement, null);
                for (IBase nextNewValue : existingValues) {
                        childDefinition.getChildDef().getMutator().addValue(theContainingElement, nextNewValue);
                }
        }

        private void handleReplaceOperation(IBaseResource theResource, IBase theParameters) {
                String path = ParametersUtil.getParameterPartValueAsString(myContext, theParameters, PARAMETER_PATH);
                path = defaultString(path);

                ParsedPath parsedPath = ParsedPath.parse(path);

                List<IBase> containingElements =
                                myContext.newFhirPath().evaluate(theResource, parsedPath.getContainingPath(), IBase.class);
                for (IBase containingElement : containingElements) {

                        ChildDefinition childDefinition = findChildDefinition(containingElement, parsedPath.getLastElementName());
                        IBase newValue = getNewValue(theParameters, containingElement, childDefinition);
                        if (parsedPath.getEndsWithAFilterOrIndex()) {
                                // if the path ends with a filter or index, we must be dealing with a list
                                replaceInList(newValue, theResource, containingElement, childDefinition, path);
                        } else {
                                childDefinition.getChildDef().getMutator().setValue(containingElement, newValue);
                        }
                }
        }

        private void replaceInList(
                        IBase theNewValue,
                        IBaseResource theResource,
                        IBase theContainingElement,
                        ChildDefinition theChildDefinitionForTheList,
                        String theFullReplacePath) {

                List<IBase> existingValues = new ArrayList<>(
                                theChildDefinitionForTheList.getChildDef().getAccessor().getValues(theContainingElement));
                List<IBase> valuesToReplace = myContext.newFhirPath().evaluate(theResource, theFullReplacePath, IBase.class);
                if (valuesToReplace.isEmpty()) {
                        String msg = myContext
                                        .getLocalizer()
                                        .getMessage(FhirPatch.class, "noMatchingElementForPath", theFullReplacePath);
                        throw new InvalidRequestException(Msg.code(2617) + msg);
                }

                BaseRuntimeChildDefinition.IMutator listMutator =
                                theChildDefinitionForTheList.getChildDef().getMutator();
                // clear the whole list first, then reconstruct it in the loop below replacing the values that need to be
                // replaced
                listMutator.setValue(theContainingElement, null);
                for (IBase existingValue : existingValues) {
                        if (valuesToReplace.contains(existingValue)) {
                                listMutator.addValue(theContainingElement, theNewValue);
                        } else {
                                listMutator.addValue(theContainingElement, existingValue);
                        }
                }
        }

        private void handleMoveOperation(IBaseResource theResource, IBase theParameters) {
                String path = ParametersUtil.getParameterPartValueAsString(myContext, theParameters, PARAMETER_PATH);
                path = defaultString(path);

                int lastDot = path.lastIndexOf(".");
                String containingPath = path.substring(0, lastDot);
                String elementName = path.substring(lastDot + 1);
                Integer insertIndex = ParametersUtil.getParameterPartValueAsInteger(
                                                myContext, theParameters, PARAMETER_DESTINATION)
                                .orElseThrow(() -> new InvalidRequestException("No index supplied for move operation"));
                Integer removeIndex = ParametersUtil.getParameterPartValueAsInteger(myContext, theParameters, PARAMETER_SOURCE)
                                .orElseThrow(() -> new InvalidRequestException("No index supplied for move operation"));

                List<IBase> containingElements = myContext.newFhirPath().evaluate(theResource, containingPath, IBase.class);
                for (IBase nextElement : containingElements) {

                        ChildDefinition childDefinition = findChildDefinition(nextElement, elementName);

                        List<IBase> existingValues =
                                        new ArrayList<>(childDefinition.getChildDef().getAccessor().getValues(nextElement));
                        if (removeIndex == null || removeIndex < 0 || removeIndex >= existingValues.size()) {
                                String msg = myContext
                                                .getLocalizer()
                                                .getMessage(
                                                                FhirPatch.class, "invalidMoveSourceIndex", removeIndex, path, existingValues.size());
                                throw new InvalidRequestException(Msg.code(1268) + msg);
                        }
                        IBase newValue = existingValues.remove(removeIndex.intValue());

                        if (insertIndex == null || insertIndex < 0 || insertIndex > existingValues.size()) {
                                String msg = myContext
                                                .getLocalizer()
                                                .getMessage(
                                                                FhirPatch.class,
                                                                "invalidMoveDestinationIndex",
                                                                insertIndex,
                                                                path,
                                                                existingValues.size());
                                throw new InvalidRequestException(Msg.code(1269) + msg);
                        }
                        existingValues.add(insertIndex, newValue);

                        childDefinition.getChildDef().getMutator().setValue(nextElement, null);
                        for (IBase nextNewValue : existingValues) {
                                childDefinition.getChildDef().getMutator().addValue(nextElement, nextNewValue);
                        }
                }
        }

        private ChildDefinition findChildDefinition(IBase theContainingElement, String theElementName) {
                BaseRuntimeElementDefinition<?> elementDef = myContext.getElementDefinition(theContainingElement.getClass());

                String childName = theElementName;
                BaseRuntimeChildDefinition childDef = elementDef.getChildByName(childName);
                BaseRuntimeElementDefinition<?> childElement;
                if (childDef == null) {
                        childName = theElementName + "[x]";
                        childDef = elementDef.getChildByName(childName);
                        childElement = childDef.getChildByName(
                                        childDef.getValidChildNames().iterator().next());
                } else {
                        childElement = childDef.getChildByName(childName);
                }

                return new ChildDefinition(childDef, childElement);
        }

        private IBase getNewValue(IBase theParameters, IBase theElement, ChildDefinition theChildDefinition) {
                Optional<IBase> valuePart = ParametersUtil.getParameterPart(myContext, theParameters, PARAMETER_VALUE);
                Optional<IBase> valuePartValue =
                                ParametersUtil.getParameterPartValue(myContext, theParameters, PARAMETER_VALUE);

                IBase newValue;
                if (valuePartValue.isPresent()) {
                        newValue = valuePartValue.get();
                } else {
                        List<IBase> partParts = valuePart.map(this::extractPartsFromPart).orElse(Collections.emptyList());

                        newValue = createAndPopulateNewElement(theChildDefinition, partParts);
                }

                if (IBaseEnumeration.class.isAssignableFrom(
                                                theChildDefinition.getChildElement().getImplementingClass())
                                || XhtmlNode.class.isAssignableFrom(
                                                theChildDefinition.getChildElement().getImplementingClass())) {
                        // If the compositeElementDef is an IBaseEnumeration, we will use the actual compositeElementDef definition
                        // to build one, since
                        // it needs the right factory object passed to its constructor
                        IPrimitiveType<?> newValueInstance;
                        if (theChildDefinition.getChildDef().getInstanceConstructorArguments() != null) {
                                newValueInstance = (IPrimitiveType<?>) theChildDefinition
                                                .getChildElement()
                                                .newInstance(theChildDefinition.getChildDef().getInstanceConstructorArguments());
                        } else {
                                newValueInstance =
                                                (IPrimitiveType<?>) theChildDefinition.getChildElement().newInstance();
                        }
                        newValueInstance.setValueAsString(((IPrimitiveType<?>) newValue).getValueAsString());
                        theChildDefinition.getChildDef().getMutator().setValue(theElement, newValueInstance);
                        newValue = newValueInstance;
                }
                return newValue;
        }

        @Nonnull
        private List<IBase> extractPartsFromPart(IBase theParametersParameterComponent) {
                return myContext.newTerser().getValues(theParametersParameterComponent, "part");
        }

        /**
         * this method will instantiate an element according to the provided Definition and it according to
         * the properties found in thePartParts.  a part usually represent a datatype as a name/value[X] pair.
         * it may also represent a complex type like an Extension.
         *
         * @param theDefinition wrapper around the runtime definition of the element to be populated
         * @param thePartParts list of Part to populate the element that will be created from theDefinition
         * @return an element that was created from theDefinition and populated with the parts
         */
        private IBase createAndPopulateNewElement(ChildDefinition theDefinition, List<IBase> thePartParts) {
                IBase newElement = theDefinition.getChildElement().newInstance();

                for (IBase nextValuePartPart : thePartParts) {

                        String name = myContext
                                        .newTerser()
                                        .getSingleValue(nextValuePartPart, PARAMETER_NAME, IPrimitiveType.class)
                                        .map(IPrimitiveType::getValueAsString)
                                        .orElse(null);

                        if (StringUtils.isBlank(name)) {
                                continue;
                        }

                        Optional<IBase> value = myContext.newTerser().getSingleValue(nextValuePartPart, "value[x]", IBase.class);

                        if (value.isPresent()) {
                                // we have a dataType. let's extract its value and assign it.
                                BaseRuntimeChildDefinition partChildDef =
                                                theDefinition.getChildElement().getChildByName(name);
                                if (partChildDef == null) {
                                        name = name + "[x]";
                                        partChildDef = theDefinition.getChildElement().getChildByName(name);
                                }
                                partChildDef.getMutator().addValue(newElement, value.get());

                                // a part represent a datatype or a complexType but not both at the same time.
                                continue;
                        }

                        List<IBase> part = extractPartsFromPart(nextValuePartPart);

                        if (!part.isEmpty()) {
                                // we have a complexType.  let's find its definition and recursively process
                                // them till all complexTypes are processed.
                                ChildDefinition childDefinition = findChildDefinition(newElement, name);

                                IBase childNewValue = createAndPopulateNewElement(childDefinition, part);

                                childDefinition.getChildDef().getMutator().setValue(newElement, childNewValue);
                        }
                }

                return newElement;
        }

        private void deleteSingleElement(IBase theElementToDelete) {
                myContext.newTerser().visit(theElementToDelete, new IModelVisitor2() {
                        @Override
                        public boolean acceptElement(
                                        IBase theElement,
                                        List<IBase> theContainingElementPath,
                                        List<BaseRuntimeChildDefinition> theChildDefinitionPath,
                                        List<BaseRuntimeElementDefinition<?>> theElementDefinitionPath) {
                                if (theElement instanceof IPrimitiveType) {
                                        ((IPrimitiveType<?>) theElement).setValueAsString(null);
                                }
                                return true;
                        }
                });
        }

        public IBaseParameters diff(@Nullable IBaseResource theOldValue, @Nonnull IBaseResource theNewValue) {
                IBaseParameters retVal = ParametersUtil.newInstance(myContext);
                String newValueTypeName = myContext.getResourceDefinition(theNewValue).getName();

                if (theOldValue == null) {

                        IBase operation = ParametersUtil.addParameterToParameters(myContext, retVal, PARAMETER_OPERATION);
                        ParametersUtil.addPartCode(myContext, operation, PARAMETER_TYPE, OPERATION_INSERT);
                        ParametersUtil.addPartString(myContext, operation, PARAMETER_PATH, newValueTypeName);
                        ParametersUtil.addPart(myContext, operation, PARAMETER_VALUE, theNewValue);

                } else {

                        String oldValueTypeName =
                                        myContext.getResourceDefinition(theOldValue).getName();
                        Validate.isTrue(oldValueTypeName.equalsIgnoreCase(newValueTypeName), "Resources must be of same type");

                        BaseRuntimeElementCompositeDefinition<?> def =
                                        myContext.getResourceDefinition(theOldValue).getBaseDefinition();
                        String path = def.getName();

                        EncodeContextPath contextPath = new EncodeContextPath();
                        contextPath.pushPath(path, true);

                        compare(retVal, contextPath, def, path, path, theOldValue, theNewValue);

                        contextPath.popPath();
                        assert contextPath.getPath().isEmpty();
                }

                return retVal;
        }

        private void compare(
                        IBaseParameters theDiff,
                        EncodeContextPath theSourceEncodeContext,
                        BaseRuntimeElementDefinition<?> theDef,
                        String theSourcePath,
                        String theTargetPath,
                        IBase theOldField,
                        IBase theNewField) {

                boolean pathIsIgnored = pathIsIgnored(theSourceEncodeContext);
                if (pathIsIgnored) {
                        return;
                }

                BaseRuntimeElementDefinition<?> sourceDef = myContext.getElementDefinition(theOldField.getClass());
                BaseRuntimeElementDefinition<?> targetDef = myContext.getElementDefinition(theNewField.getClass());
                if (!sourceDef.getName().equals(targetDef.getName())) {
                        IBase operation = ParametersUtil.addParameterToParameters(myContext, theDiff, PARAMETER_OPERATION);
                        ParametersUtil.addPartCode(myContext, operation, PARAMETER_TYPE, OPERATION_REPLACE);
                        ParametersUtil.addPartString(myContext, operation, PARAMETER_PATH, theTargetPath);
                        addValueToDiff(operation, theOldField, theNewField);
                } else {
                        if (theOldField instanceof IPrimitiveType) {
                                IPrimitiveType<?> oldPrimitive = (IPrimitiveType<?>) theOldField;
                                IPrimitiveType<?> newPrimitive = (IPrimitiveType<?>) theNewField;
                                String oldValueAsString = toValue(oldPrimitive);
                                String newValueAsString = toValue(newPrimitive);
                                if (!Objects.equals(oldValueAsString, newValueAsString)) {
                                        IBase operation = ParametersUtil.addParameterToParameters(myContext, theDiff, PARAMETER_OPERATION);
                                        ParametersUtil.addPartCode(myContext, operation, PARAMETER_TYPE, OPERATION_REPLACE);
                                        ParametersUtil.addPartString(myContext, operation, PARAMETER_PATH, theTargetPath);
                                        addValueToDiff(operation, oldPrimitive, newPrimitive);
                                }
                        }

                        List<BaseRuntimeChildDefinition> children = theDef.getChildren();
                        for (BaseRuntimeChildDefinition nextChild : children) {
                                compareField(
                                                theDiff,
                                                theSourceEncodeContext,
                                                theSourcePath,
                                                theTargetPath,
                                                theOldField,
                                                theNewField,
                                                nextChild);
                        }
                }
        }

        private void compareField(
                        IBaseParameters theDiff,
                        EncodeContextPath theSourceEncodePath,
                        String theSourcePath,
                        String theTargetPath,
                        IBase theOldField,
                        IBase theNewField,
                        BaseRuntimeChildDefinition theChildDef) {
                String elementName = theChildDef.getElementName();
                boolean repeatable = theChildDef.getMax() != 1;
                theSourceEncodePath.pushPath(elementName, false);
                if (pathIsIgnored(theSourceEncodePath)) {
                        theSourceEncodePath.popPath();
                        return;
                }

                List<? extends IBase> sourceValues = theChildDef.getAccessor().getValues(theOldField);
                List<? extends IBase> targetValues = theChildDef.getAccessor().getValues(theNewField);

                int sourceIndex = 0;
                int targetIndex = 0;
                while (sourceIndex < sourceValues.size() && targetIndex < targetValues.size()) {

                        IBase sourceChildField = sourceValues.get(sourceIndex);
                        Validate.notNull(sourceChildField); // not expected to happen, but just in case
                        BaseRuntimeElementDefinition<?> def = myContext.getElementDefinition(sourceChildField.getClass());
                        IBase targetChildField = targetValues.get(targetIndex);
                        Validate.notNull(targetChildField); // not expected to happen, but just in case
                        String sourcePath = theSourcePath + "." + elementName + (repeatable ? "[" + sourceIndex + "]" : "");
                        String targetPath = theSourcePath + "." + elementName + (repeatable ? "[" + targetIndex + "]" : "");

                        compare(theDiff, theSourceEncodePath, def, sourcePath, targetPath, sourceChildField, targetChildField);

                        sourceIndex++;
                        targetIndex++;
                }

                // Find newly inserted items
                while (targetIndex < targetValues.size()) {
                        String path = theTargetPath + "." + elementName;
                        addInsertItems(theDiff, targetValues, targetIndex, path, theChildDef);
                        targetIndex++;
                }

                // Find deleted items
                while (sourceIndex < sourceValues.size()) {
                        IBase operation = ParametersUtil.addParameterToParameters(myContext, theDiff, PARAMETER_OPERATION);
                        ParametersUtil.addPartCode(myContext, operation, PARAMETER_TYPE, OPERATION_DELETE);
                        ParametersUtil.addPartString(
                                        myContext,
                                        operation,
                                        PARAMETER_PATH,
                                        theTargetPath + "." + elementName + (repeatable ? "[" + targetIndex + "]" : ""));

                        sourceIndex++;
                        targetIndex++;
                }

                theSourceEncodePath.popPath();
        }

        private void addInsertItems(
                        IBaseParameters theDiff,
                        List<? extends IBase> theTargetValues,
                        int theTargetIndex,
                        String thePath,
                        BaseRuntimeChildDefinition theChildDefinition) {
                IBase operation = ParametersUtil.addParameterToParameters(myContext, theDiff, PARAMETER_OPERATION);
                ParametersUtil.addPartCode(myContext, operation, PARAMETER_TYPE, OPERATION_INSERT);
                ParametersUtil.addPartString(myContext, operation, PARAMETER_PATH, thePath);
                ParametersUtil.addPartInteger(myContext, operation, PARAMETER_INDEX, theTargetIndex);

                IBase value = theTargetValues.get(theTargetIndex);
                BaseRuntimeElementDefinition<?> valueDef = myContext.getElementDefinition(value.getClass());

                /*
                 * If the value is a Resource or a datatype, we can put it into the part.value and that will cover
                 * all of its children. If it's an infrastructure element though, such as Patient.contact we can't
                 * just put it into part.value because it isn't an actual type. So we have to put all of its
                 * children in instead.
                 */
                if (valueDef.isStandardType()) {
                        ParametersUtil.addPart(myContext, operation, PARAMETER_VALUE, value);
                } else {
                        for (BaseRuntimeChildDefinition nextChild : valueDef.getChildren()) {
                                List<IBase> childValues = nextChild.getAccessor().getValues(value);
                                for (int index = 0; index < childValues.size(); index++) {
                                        boolean childRepeatable = theChildDefinition.getMax() != 1;
                                        String elementName = nextChild.getChildNameByDatatype(
                                                        childValues.get(index).getClass());
                                        String targetPath = thePath + (childRepeatable ? "[" + index + "]" : "") + "." + elementName;
                                        addInsertItems(theDiff, childValues, index, targetPath, nextChild);
                                }
                        }
                }
        }

        private void addValueToDiff(IBase theOperationPart, IBase theOldValue, IBase theNewValue) {

                if (myIncludePreviousValueInDiff) {
                        IBase oldValue = massageValueForDiff(theOldValue);
                        ParametersUtil.addPart(myContext, theOperationPart, "previousValue", oldValue);
                }

                IBase newValue = massageValueForDiff(theNewValue);
                ParametersUtil.addPart(myContext, theOperationPart, PARAMETER_VALUE, newValue);
        }

        private boolean pathIsIgnored(EncodeContextPath theSourceEncodeContext) {
                boolean pathIsIgnored = false;
                for (EncodeContextPath next : myIgnorePaths) {
                        if (theSourceEncodeContext.startsWith(next, false)) {
                                pathIsIgnored = true;
                                break;
                        }
                }
                return pathIsIgnored;
        }

        private IBase massageValueForDiff(IBase theNewValue) {
                IBase massagedValue = theNewValue;

                // XHTML content is dealt with by putting it in a string
                if (theNewValue instanceof XhtmlNode) {
                        String xhtmlString = ((XhtmlNode) theNewValue).getValueAsString();
                        massagedValue = myContext.getElementDefinition("string").newInstance(xhtmlString);
                }

                // IIdType can hold a fully qualified ID, but we just want the ID part to show up in diffs
                if (theNewValue instanceof IIdType) {
                        String idPart = ((IIdType) theNewValue).getIdPart();
                        massagedValue = myContext.getElementDefinition("id").newInstance(idPart);
                }

                return massagedValue;
        }

        private String toValue(IPrimitiveType<?> theOldPrimitive) {
                if (theOldPrimitive instanceof IIdType) {
                        return ((IIdType) theOldPrimitive).getIdPart();
                }
                return theOldPrimitive.getValueAsString();
        }

        private static class ChildDefinition {
                private final BaseRuntimeChildDefinition myChildDef;
                private final BaseRuntimeElementDefinition<?> myChildElement;

                public ChildDefinition(
                                BaseRuntimeChildDefinition theChildDef, BaseRuntimeElementDefinition<?> theChildElement) {
                        this.myChildDef = theChildDef;
                        this.myChildElement = theChildElement;
                }

                public BaseRuntimeChildDefinition getChildDef() {
                        return myChildDef;
                }

                public BaseRuntimeElementDefinition<?> getChildElement() {
                        return myChildElement;
                }
        }

        /**
         * This class helps parse a FHIR path into its component parts for easier patch operation processing.
         * It has 3 components:
         *  - The last element name, which is the last element in the path (not including any list index or filter)
         *  - The containing path, which is the prefix of the path up to the last element
         *  - A flag indicating whether the path has a filter or index on the last element of the path, which indicates
         *  that the path we are dealing is probably for a list element.
         * Examples:
         * 1. For path "Patient.identifier[2].system",
         *   - the lastElementName is "system",
         *   - the containingPath is "Patient.identifier[2]",
         *   - and endsWithAFilterOrIndex flag is false
         *
         *  2. For path "Patient.identifier[2]" or for path "Patient.identifier.where('system'='sys1')"
         *  - the lastElementName is "identifier",
         *  - the containingPath is "Patient",
         *  - and the endsWithAFilterOrIndex is true
         */
        protected static class ParsedPath {
                private final String myLastElementName;
                private final String myContainingPath;
                private final boolean myEndsWithAFilterOrIndex;

                public ParsedPath(String theLastElementName, String theContainingPath, boolean theEndsWithAFilterOrIndex) {
                        myLastElementName = theLastElementName;
                        myContainingPath = theContainingPath;
                        myEndsWithAFilterOrIndex = theEndsWithAFilterOrIndex;
                }

                /**
                 * returns the last element of the path
                 */
                public String getLastElementName() {
                        return myLastElementName;
                }

                /**
                 * Returns the prefix of the path up to the last FHIR resource element
                 */
                public String getContainingPath() {
                        return myContainingPath;
                }

                /**
                 * Returns whether the path has a filter or index on the last element of the path, which indicates
                 * that the path we are dealing is probably a list element.
                 */
                public boolean getEndsWithAFilterOrIndex() {
                        return myEndsWithAFilterOrIndex;
                }

                public static ParsedPath parse(String path) {
                        String containingPath;
                        String elementName;
                        boolean endsWithAFilterOrIndex = false;

                        if (path.endsWith(")")) {
                                // This is probably a filter, so we're probably dealing with a list
                                endsWithAFilterOrIndex = true;
                                int filterArgsIndex = path.lastIndexOf('('); // Let's hope there aren't nested parentheses
                                int lastDotIndex = path.lastIndexOf(
                                                '.',
                                                filterArgsIndex); // There might be a dot inside the parentheses, so look to the left of that
                                int secondLastDotIndex = path.lastIndexOf('.', lastDotIndex - 1);
                                containingPath = path.substring(0, secondLastDotIndex);
                                elementName = path.substring(secondLastDotIndex + 1, lastDotIndex);
                        } else if (path.endsWith("]")) {
                                // This is almost definitely a list
                                endsWithAFilterOrIndex = true;
                                int openBracketIndex = path.lastIndexOf('[');
                                int lastDotIndex = path.lastIndexOf('.', openBracketIndex);
                                containingPath = path.substring(0, lastDotIndex);
                                elementName = path.substring(lastDotIndex + 1, openBracketIndex);
                        } else {
                                int lastDot = path.lastIndexOf(".");
                                containingPath = path.substring(0, lastDot);
                                elementName = path.substring(lastDot + 1);
                        }

                        return new ParsedPath(elementName, containingPath, endsWithAFilterOrIndex);
                }
        }
}